The element hydrogen H is composed of one proton and one electron. As we mentioned at the top of this article, fusion power has the An alpha particle is produced by the alpha decay of a radioactive nucleus. Nuclear fusion does produce radioactive waste. Beta decayBeta decay describes when an electron, called a beta particle, and a neutrino fly out of a neutron, leaving a proton in its place. 3. [1,176] helium.If light nuclei are forced together, they will fuse with a yield of energy because the mass of the combination will be less than the sum of the masses of the individual nuclei. Just read the ”Nuclear Models” of Greiner Maruhn to get a taste of this.“[5]. “Andrea Rossi: We observed gammas under the 300 keV range. Others say the energy is produced, but then somehow absorbed by the metal lattice either as high frequency vibrations, or through coherent processes in which many delocalized vibrations are involved.” [7]. Does Fusion produce radioactive nuclear waste the same way fission does? Each entry is listed with radiation type and strength, along with the kind of cell that produced it. A cold fusion cell will not ”runaway” like critical masses and fission bombs. The autoradiographs prove that cold fusion does produce low levels of radioactivity, but the levels are so low that scientists have difficulty detecting them with sensitive instruments. look at shkval torpedo! Tritium is manufactured for commercial use and for use in hot fusion reactors selling for \$30,000US a gram.[1]. Does fusion give off radiation? html#Q21, http://www.research.ucdavis.edu/home.cfm?id=mrt,13,1137,1139, Global Breakthrough Energy Movement Conference 2019, Frank Acland of E-Cat World on the Cold Fusion Now! An additional batch of questions from Ny Teknik’s readers was answered by Mr. Rossi, some of which addressed the question of radiation from beta decay and radioactivity. html#Q21, 8 UC Davis Training in Radiation http://www.research.ucdavis.edu/home.cfm?id=mrt,13,1137,1139. A coolant is pumped through the core to take its heat away. Nuclear Fusion. However, as the gamma ray photons make their arduous journey to … 3 No dangerous radiation in cold fusion. To produce usable heat, the neutron streams carrying 80 percent of the energy from deuterium-tritium fusion must be decelerated and cooled by the reactor structure, its surrounding lithium-containing blanket, and the coolant. Hydrogen and its IsotopesAn example of a radioactive material and the radiation emitted from it is given by the simplest element hydrogen. Only shielding made of lead will stop gamma radiation. This article organizes information about radiation in three sections. For instance, in D-T fusion, the product is helium-4 (which is quite stable). However neutron-induced fission reactions leave behind many different fission … The fusion reaction releases neutrons, the energy of which will be used in future power stations to heat water to heat drive the power plant. Neutron emission is rare. What about the x-rays and gamma radiation, those high-energy photons that could pose a risk to biological life? Cold Fusion at Thirty, Yasuhiro Iwamura on the Cold Fusion Now! http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150177066770079. Beta particles can be stopped by ”a few millimeters of aluminum”. Today’s nuclear fission reactors are more than a poor choice for a primary energy source because of the growing risk of contamination by radioactive materials, which can emit harmful radiation. Radiation damage is measured in rems, which stands for roentgen equivalent man . “Some people fear there may be a hidden, long term threat to the health of people who work in close proximity to cold fusion reactors. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. The ECat is currently being tested and evaluated at the University of Bologna in Bologna, Italy. The coolant is then used to generate high pressure steam in a boiler. They are similar to x-rays, with gamma rays carrying more energy. This was noted by Jed Rothwell in his Cold Fusion and the Future. The autoradiographs prove that cold fusion does produce low levels of radioactivity, but the levels are so low that scientists have difficulty detecting them with sensitive instruments. There are, in fact, many dozens of competing theories smaller number of which are very well fleshed out. Every second, the Sun fuses 620 billion Kg of Hydrogen nuclei (protons) into Helium, to produce 384.6 trillion trillion Joules of energy per second.This is equivalent to the energy released in the explosion of 91.92 billion megatons of TNT per second. In a typical reaction, an atom of uranium 235 absorbs a neutron and splits into two lighter atoms, barium and krypton, emitting radiation and neutrons. Deuterium is naturally occurring and can easily be extracted from seawater. There is little naturally occurring tritium here on Earth because most of it has decayed away. This is what causes spent nuclear fuel to be radioactive. Fusion reactions are safer in that if anything goes wrong the reactions stop and no more heat is generated. Ask a science question, get a science answer. Whether it’s hydrocarbons like oil, gas, or coal, or renewable technologies such a solar and wind, the power of cold fusion lies in its incredible energy density, a nuclear power from hydrogen and greener than today’s nuclear fission power plants. The other component is due to the instability of the products of the reactions. Nevertheless, many LENR theorists have put forth very intriguing proposals for the mechanism of these reactions. LENR devices do not have any appreciable radiation from alpha particles, beta particles, high- energy neutrons, and there is no danger of a runaway chain reaction. Isotopes are atoms that have extra neutrons in their nucleus. Awesome answer. The first is prompt radiation - this is particles given off instantaneously during the fission or fusion reaction. 2011-08-18 20:40:26. The exact nature of the LENR reactions is one of the many unsolved scientific mysteries surrounding them. Solar and wind are renewable sources, but the materials and manufacturing of solar panels and wind turbines given their energy density don’t compare to cold fusion. We will have to make sure this is not the case, by exposing rats and other laboratory animals to unshielded cold fusion reactors, and by carefully monitoring the health of the first group of people who work with the reactors every day.“[4], On Rossi’s device, ”about 50 kilograms of lead shielding, about 2 centimeters thick, protects against any gamma radiation.”[6] During an open Q&A after the NyTeknik interview, the question of gamma radiation from the ECat was posed to inventor Rossi by a member of the public, Goran Ericsson. 1 2 3. Heat production detected radiation and detected fusion products suggest that some kind of nuclear reaction or fusion takes place but the reactions do not show the amount of radiation and the ratios of products that known hot fusion reactions do. Electrons are usually thought of as carrying electrical current to power our appliances. Cold fusion does not use radioactive fuel. A fusion reactor produces helium, which is an inert gas. Prompt radiation is mitigated by shielding the reactor core. Cold fusion does not create harmful radioactive waste. I desume this from what we find after the operations. Humans are not ready to take the responsibility for disaster that could last for geological time, when the amount, and type, of radioactive fuel used in these reactors has the potential to create dead zones for hundreds, if not tens-of-thousands of years. Learn about this promising power source. Alpha particles are emitted by the natural radioactivity of the heavier elements and their isotopes. [latexpage] It would not be the first time: they have digged a big hole, there in Geneva, to understand things, and they are finding things by the classic physics could not happen, particle that by the classic physics could not exist. infinite-energy.com/iemagazine/issue12/coldfusion5.html, 5 Welcome Worry-Free Nuclear Power: Rossi’s Energy Catalyzer by Hank Mills Pure Energy Systems news, 6  36 more ques- tions asked by the readers of NyTeknik http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3126617.ece, 7  Why doesn’t cold fusion produce dangerous ionizing radiation and neutrons? The fission reaction also produces gamma radiation which is mostly absorbed by the core adding to the temperature rise. See Answer. We have to calculate also the recoil energy, integrated with the kinetic energy we produce. Tritium is not used in cold fusion research. Radiation damage and radioactive waste. Nuclear fission power plants have the disadvantage of generating unstable nuclei; some of these are radioactive for millions of years. Why go down this path when there exists an alternative ultra-clean nuclear power? Gamma emission is rare. [1] This particle is incapable of penetrating the skin. Cu-59 decays with a half-life of 82 seconds by beta+ decay. podcast, 2019 LANR/CF Colloquium at MIT honors 30-years of breakthrough science. Alpha particles are larger clusters of nucleons and generally have low energy that a piece of paper will shield against alpha particles. Speculating on what could happen if Rossi’s device broke, Hank Mills of Pure Energy Systems news wrote: “There could potentially be a very brief spike of radioactivity for a moment if the vessel cracked or failed, but the venting of the hydrogen gas would immediately end the nuclear reactions taking place and any production of radioactivity.” [4]. The radioactive particle will eventually decay and emit a Beta particle that can then collide with internal tissue, perhaps ionizing the atoms in cells. Top Answer. Some nuclear reactions can also create neutrons. Cold fusion energy devices will turn on and off when you want them to. That is to say that alpha particles are the nucleus of helium atoms, consisting of two protons and two neutrons $^{4}He$. The neutrons would be quite dangerous to humans, but when the plant is turned off the production of neutrons ceases within milliseconds. If the Beta particle hits a DNA molecule, lasting genetic consequences can ensue. For instance, too much solar radiation can cause burns that lead to skin cancers later in life, while too little causes a vitamin D deficiency. For instance, fission of a U-235 nucleus leads to the emission of 2-3 neutrons, gamma rays, and two energetic fission products (which are just two smaller nuclei). Radioactive materials contain particles of atomic elements that are unstable, and decay, emitting electromagnetic radiation, or photons, as well as other particles, which may themselves also be radioactive. Fusion reactions such as D(p,g)He-3, D(d,g)He-4, and T(d,g)He-5 produce gamma radiation directly (without an intermediate excited nucleus) by radiative capture. We want to correlate the thermal effect with the gamma specter we will define. Cold fusion cells use hydrogen $^{1}H$ and deuterium $^{2}H$, both cheap, plentiful, and evenly distributed around the earth in sea-water. (Could you explain? Press J to jump to the feed. Of the sunlight reaching Earth’s surface, the ultra-violet portion can burn the skin while the radio-wave portion appears to have left life at the surface unaffected. Both fission and fusion produce radiation as they occur, but it is fission that produces radioactive byproducts. Both gamma radiation and x-rays will penetrate the body easily and they can be harmful to living tissue. The first is prompt radiation - this is particles given off instantaneously during the fission or fusion reaction. It also doesn’t produce highly radioactive fission products. Radiation is all around us, everyday, and some radiation of certain kinds can be good and healthy, while other radiation, or too much of the good kind, is bad. Much is still unknown about the science, and further testing will be taken over the next several years to ensure the safety of this technology. Compared to the radiation from televisions and the natural background of radiation from space, radon and other sources, cold fusion radiation seems likely to remain so low as to be nearly undetectable. Beta particles are high-energy, high-speed electrons or positrons emitted by certain fission fragments or by certain primordial radioactive nuclei such as potassium-40. This was achieved by fusing the hydrogen isotopes, deuterium and tritium. Does a nuclear power plant pollute the air? Solar radiation is the energy produced by the sun as a result of massive internal processes. Learn about this promising power source. Fusion produces even more energy than fission. Nuclear fission is the splitting of a large atomic nucleus into smaller nuclei. Quite simply, the type and quantity of radiation seen in today’s nuclear power does not show up LENR. The only thing I am pretty sure of is that the Fleischmann-Pons effect (conventional Pd-D cold fusion) does not produce dangerous penetrating radiation. 1. The two types of nuclear reactions used to produce energy are fission and fusion. Fusion occurs when two atoms slam together to form a heavier atom, like when two hydrogen atoms fuse to form one helium atom. Nuclear fusion is when two small, light nuclei join together to make one heavy nucleus. In a fission reaction, a heavy atomic nucleus is split into smaller nuclei, other particles and radiation. Both sunlight and X-rays are forms of radiation that are created by nuclear and atomic reactions. ……Output of neutrons n tritium T protons p and gamma radiation has been reported by cold fusion but not in the amount predicted by standard understanding. podcast, Icebergs in the Room? ”If no gammas are observed, what is the reason to believe nuclear reactions are involved?”. This means producing environmentally friendly heating and electricity at a low cost from fuel found in … Beta Particles Description Beta Particles. 1 Difference between radioactive materials and radiation. This device will be commercially implemented in a factory in Athens, Greece, where it will undergo further tests on its safety in an industrial setting.[3]. The beta particles are a form of ionizing radiation also known as beta rays. Infinite Energy magazine published an FAQ containing this question: Why doesn’t cold fusion produce dangerous ionizing radiation and neutrons? Hydrogen has two isotopes, deuterium $^{2}H$ and tritium $^{3}H$. We also are continuing to analyze the atomic and isotopical transmutation, to correlate it to the gamma and to the thermal effect. In other words, when the uranium nucleus splits into two pieces during fission, these pieces go on to decay later in other ways. ”X-rays result when electrons return to a lower energy by emitting electromagnetic radiation and gamma radiation result when particles in the nucleus return to a lower energy.” [1,153]. Fusion reactors will use abundant sources of fuel, will not leak radiation above normal background levels, and will produce less radioactive waste than current fission reactors. Technocrat: “No-money society” uses energy credits. The energy from the Sun - both heat and light energy - originates from a nuclear fusion process that is occurring inside the core of the Sun.The specific type of fusion that occurs inside of the Sun is known as proton-proton fusion.. This table from Storms’ Science provides the general experimental results regarding radiation from LENR experiments. Published in 2007, it is a technical summary of results for a scientific reader. He writes: ”Fortunately none of this radiation is a health hazard nor is it easy to detect outside of the apparatus, which makes the process sate to study and safe as an eventual source of energy.” [1,105]. The fact that dangerous levels are missing from this reaction was in part responsible for many scientists dismissal of this as a nuclear effect. No radioactive fuel is used in the cold fusion process. Fusion of deuterium and tritium (H-2 and H-3) gives off a neutron. During radioactive decay for tritium, the nucleus of the tritium atom, called a triton, which has one proton and two neutrons, turns into a Helium-3 atom $^{3}He$, an electron, and another tiny energetic particle called a neutrino, all releasing 18.6 keV of energy.[1]. 3 No dangerous radiation in cold fusion. Table 14 Expected but missing behavior. Sun – The Ultimate Nuclear Fusion Reactor. Even ten half-lives after the end of a run the activity should be of the order of 1013 Bq, which is not only easily measurable (with a detector far away from the source) but also deadly for everybody present in the room! Well... more or less, that's our universe. But a large charge of current can be deadly. “Nobody knows for certain why the primary signature of cold fusion is excess heat, not deadly radiation. Tritium and beta decay is used to light red Exit signs and glow-in-the-dark watch hands.As long as you don’t breathe it in, or eat it, tritium decay poses little threat to humans and tritium is used in devices such as betalights, which use the electrons emitted by tritium just like electrons that provide electrical current, to provide power to stand-alone illuminated night signs, as well as provide illumination for watches. Many elements that have an abundance of neutrons are radioactive this way, and sometimes decay splitting into two smaller atoms, naturally fissioning. More importantly, LENR reactions produce energy that is cleaner than any source of power used today. Cold fusion cells do not behave at all like conventional theories of nuclear reactions dictate. Why does fission produce harmful radiation but fusion does not? podcast, Fundraiser for Ruby Carat to attend ICCF-22, Sveinn Ólafsson on the Cold Fusion Now! I think it's worth mentioning that fusion reactions will have some level of gamma radiation. thank you very much, this is the answer i was hoping for. Still, cold fusion might conceivably produce some unknown form of radiation or some other deleterious effect. While great strides have been made over the past few decades, the high cost of research, and very expensive hardware, limits most of the work to multi-national consortia. This is the same process that powers the sun and creates huge amounts of energy—several times greater than fission. ), Rossi: No radioactivity has been found in the residual metals, it is true, but the day after the stop of the operation. _____ (1) (c) In 1991, scientists produced the first controlled release of energy from an experimental nuclear fusion reactor. While hydrogen $^{1}H$ and deuterium $^{2}H$ both are found naturally on Earth in abundance, tritium is not, for tritium is unstable, and decays with a half-life of about 12 years, meaning there is only half as much material left as there was 12 years earlier. This a very difficult research we are investing on (my money). I think no 59Cu is produced, I suppose only stable Cu is produced from the transmutation of the isotopes 62Ni and 64Ni. To date, cold fusion devices have not produced any appreciable dangerous radiation like that of today’s nuclear fission reactors. It does produce x-rays that are attenuated or stopped with the water in a typical cell. I want to know if Cu-59, 60, 61, 62 decay by electron capture, instead of beta plus emission; if so a very interesting consideration can be derived. Additionally most forms of fusion reactions also release neutrons which can cause other materials to become radioactive. 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